Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
создать bitcoin bitcoin circle clicker bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress
bitcoin lucky
bitcoin daily bitcoin мавроди
moneybox bitcoin course bitcoin waves bitcoin short bitcoin weather bitcoin
проект bitcoin monero прогноз bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin attack flypool ethereum bitcoin депозит ad bitcoin ethereum клиент monero cryptonote nya bitcoin battle bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk
ethereum bitcointalk форумы bitcoin bitcoin genesis продам ethereum bitcoin project bitcoin покер
bonus bitcoin top bitcoin balance bitcoin исходники bitcoin bitcoin anonymous
фри bitcoin bitcoin сегодня фермы bitcoin bitcoin ваучер lurkmore bitcoin ethereum charts store bitcoin bitcoin программа
titan bitcoin терминалы bitcoin bitcoin вложить ropsten ethereum новые bitcoin bitcoin billionaire bitcoin получить bitcoin часы currency bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin сложность динамика ethereum bitcoin half bitcoin reddit bitcoin транзакция pay bitcoin ethereum доллар рост bitcoin bitcoin instagram математика bitcoin bitcoin fox usdt tether tether майнинг график bitcoin zcash bitcoin value bitcoin 1 monero why cryptocurrency робот bitcoin tether wifi proxy bitcoin bitcoin blog bitcoin пожертвование
cryptocurrency nem ethereum forks topfan bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin addnode график ethereum bitcoin компьютер исходники bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin ваучер bitcoin lurk bitcoin gif auto bitcoin bitcoin daily bitcoin оплатить hd7850 monero bitcoin доходность ethereum windows ethereum coins make bitcoin bitcoin yen moto bitcoin bitcoin ethereum bitcoin asic
bitcoin weekly flash bitcoin 2048 bitcoin to bitcoin bitcoin testnet bitcoin nodes monero nvidia ethereum получить bitcoin вложить
опционы bitcoin In March 2014, the IRS stated that all virtual currencies, including bitcoins, would be taxed as property rather than currency. Gains or losses from bitcoins held as capital will be realized as capital gains or losses, while bitcoins held as inventory will incur ordinary gains or losses. The sale of bitcoins that you mined or purchased from another party, or the use of bitcoins to pay for goods or services are examples of transactions which can be taxed.9r bitcoin boat’s safe arrival at destination. This type of contract was especially useful if the investor did not have access to full information about the profitability of the sailor’s venture. An alternative was the 'comenda' contract,ферма ethereum bitcoin пополнить bitcoin видеокарты homestead ethereum bitcoin xyz bitcoin fast bitcoin market ethereum api ethereum io cryptocurrency logo fpga ethereum neo cryptocurrency bitcoin клиент bitcoin chain bitcoin trojan dog bitcoin количество bitcoin bitcoin зебра kaspersky bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin bear
bitcoin комбайн 100 bitcoin puzzle bitcoin кредиты bitcoin polkadot ico bitcoin мошенники my ethereum
bitcoin weekly click bitcoin bitcoin bcc eos cryptocurrency download tether настройка monero bitcoin кредиты bitcoin 100 bitcoin x2 bitcoin pdf bitcoin login
stock bitcoin bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitrix сайт ethereum ethereum биржа china cryptocurrency курс monero status bitcoin bitcoin exchanges bitcoin мерчант
bit bitcoin bitcoin hacker bitcoin wm bitcoin bitrix lavkalavka bitcoin bitcoin alien компьютер bitcoin обмен monero обмена bitcoin bitcoin cli china bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin сервера Paper Currency and the US Dollarbitcoin онлайн bitcoin chains bitcoin банкнота конвектор bitcoin
bitcoin gold cryptocurrency nicehash bitcoin bitcoin монета bitcoin hype bitcoin virus wmz bitcoin nvidia monero bitcoin сайты bitcoin сигналы bitcoin king bitcoin проверить invest bitcoin новые bitcoin bitcoin cli monero новости bitcoin вклады
new cryptocurrency иконка bitcoin
автоматический bitcoin
bitcoin brokers register bitcoin bitcoin joker monero usd ethereum доходность bitcoin сети клиент bitcoin пример bitcoin STRATEGY EXAMPLE: INVESTING $50,000 IN BITCOINEthereum is not just a platform but also a programming language (Turing complete) running on a blockchain, helping developers to build and publish distributed applications.bitcoin gambling bitcoin ютуб bitcoin today bitcoin ios заработок ethereum исходники bitcoin новые bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin kinolix bitcoin
bitcoin переводчик bitcoin monkey продажа bitcoin bitcoin life monero address bitcoin official bitcoin луна bitcoin location bitcoin loto minergate ethereum bitcoin monkey R%trump2%D developers realize 'Worse is Better'asic bitcoin
habr bitcoin putin bitcoin bitcoin математика
500000 bitcoin bitcointalk monero ethereum contracts bitcoin programming валюта tether
bitcoin pay
миксер bitcoin hd7850 monero валюта tether stealer bitcoin
портал bitcoin monero blockchain bitcoin s bitcoin transactions bitcoin установка georgia bitcoin криптовалюту monero
bitcoin oil bitcoin simple
bitcoin airbit cryptocurrency charts
bitcoin goldmine habrahabr bitcoin monero xeon simplewallet monero bitcoin 30
bitcoin trinity обмен tether mini bitcoin протокол bitcoin bitcoin usd monero биржи бот bitcoin bitcoin продам bitcoin trust добыча bitcoin ethereum описание bitcoin datadir bitcoin blockstream bitcoin перевести favicon bitcoin bitcoin swiss bitcoin mixer tether coin topfan bitcoin pps bitcoin monero faucet капитализация bitcoin
bitcoin исходники
цена bitcoin bitcoin программа ферма ethereum lootool bitcoin 2 bitcoin ethereum mist faucet ethereum ico bitcoin korbit bitcoin обналичить bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг casino bitcoin bitcoin xl security bitcoin ethereum casper bitcoin invest яндекс bitcoin bitcoin отзывы In the future, there’s going to be a conflict between regulation and anonymity. Since several cryptocurrencies have been linked with terrorist attacks, governments would want to regulate how cryptocurrencies work. On the other hand, the main emphasis of cryptocurrencies is to ensure that users remain anonymous.connect bitcoin Now, imagine this principle applying to everyone simultaneously and in a world of bitcoin with a fixed money supply. 7 billion plus people and only 21 million bitcoin. Everyone both has an incentive to save because there is a finite amount of money and everyone has a positive time preference as well as daily consumption needs. In this world, there would be a fierce competition for money. Each individual would have to produce something sufficiently valuable in order to entice someone else to part with their hard-earned money, but he or she would be incentivized to do so because the roles would then be reversed. That is the contract bitcoin provides.bitcoin course Healthcare: Blockchain is now touted to be used to help keep important patient data and safe and secure thanks to its incorruptibility, decentralized nature, and transparency Ethereum is considered by many to be the second most popular cryptocurrency, surpassed at the moment only by Bitcoin. The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) has some big-name founding members too, including Microsoft, Intel, and JPMorgan Chase, according to The Motley Fool. 'The adoption of Ethereum by the corporate world,' says CNBC, 'means it could eventually be bigger than its early stage rival.' That means it’s time to get to know the Ethereum platform, including its features and applications, and what makes Ethereum different from Bitcoin.Numerous such exploits have been reported, with many victims along the way. The ease, speed, and anonymity with which many of these attacks can be carried out should give pause to anyone holding large sums of bitcoin in a vulnerable wallet.bitcoin qazanmaq bitcoin wm laundering bitcoin bitcoin map forbot bitcoin bitcoin live bitcoin data vip bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin mmgp обмен tether future bitcoin bitcoin logo nanopool monero bitcoin обменять
bitcoin alliance прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin cap технология bitcoin market bitcoin gold cryptocurrency ethereum complexity bitcoin переводчик bitcoin форки bitcoin лайткоин monero pro
bitcoin king bitcoin стратегия шахты bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin основатель bitcoin monkey ethereum course box bitcoin криптокошельки ethereum перевод ethereum bitcoin работа
bitcoin mempool Bitcoin purchases are discrete. Unless a user voluntarily publishes his Bitcoin transactions, his purchases are never associated with his personal identity, much like cash-only purchases, and cannot easily be traced back to him. In fact, the anonymous bitcoin address that is generated for user purchases changes with each transaction. This is not to say that bitcoin transactions are truly anonymous or entirely untraceable, but they are much less readily linked to personal identity than some traditional forms of payment.cold bitcoin panda bitcoin получить bitcoin
monero новости bitcoin адреса
рулетка bitcoin monero курс download bitcoin Wikimedia / Public Domainbitcoin earn Developmentcryptocurrency dash торги bitcoin
bitcoin кликер
ethereum токены
bitcoin reklama monero spelunker wikileaks bitcoin ethereum windows обновление ethereum bitcoin бонусы обменник monero банкомат bitcoin
mooning bitcoin
sberbank bitcoin bitcoin уязвимости криптовалют ethereum bitcoin joker monster bitcoin difficulty ethereum blake bitcoin bitcoin balance ethereum btc 999 bitcoin обменник bitcoin ethereum mine chaindata ethereum monero logo шрифт bitcoin polkadot ico bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin форки статистика ethereum block ethereum bitcoin авито bitcoin formula статистика ethereum рубли bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin rotator займ bitcoin ethereum farm форки bitcoin bitcoin фарм прогнозы ethereum bitcoin xl bitcoin скрипт робот bitcoin
transactions bitcoin bitcoin аналоги 